Human relations management theories were created based on the Hawthorne studies conducted by Professor Elton Mayo.
\r\nThe Hawthorne Effect is the increased motivation and productivity found in employees when placed in a team or group setting. The human relations movement was propelled by the Hawthorne studies. Many theorists such as McGregor, Herzberg, Vroom and others have developed their own employee motivation beliefs and concepts. The varied hypothesis consist of behavioral models that state the most efficient, effective and inspiring means of inciting self motivation and high performance from employees.
\r\n\n\n\nThe Hawthorne studies were conducted from 1927 until 1932 by Professor Elton Mayo at the Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Chicago. Professor Mayo examined work conditions and productivity. The conclusion of the research led to the discovery that relationships largely influenced productivity. Being part of a group or team affected the performance of each employee. The researchers dubbed the increased motivation and productivity The Hawthorne Effect.
\r\nThe human relations movement originated from Dr. Elton Mayo's Hawthorne studies. The movement stated that personal development and growth as well as employee goal setting are essential to effective businesses. The movement also emphasized the fact that affirmative motivation derived from team goals and greater production resulted from encouragement and positive reinforcement from employers.
\r\nTheory X and Theory Y were proposed by Douglas McGregor in his 1960 book, The Human Side of Enterprise. The two theories are opposing methods by which supervisors perceive employee motivation. Theory X states that people dislike work and need the constant threat of job loss and financial incentives to work hard. These workers are irresponsible and need to be controlled. Theory Y states that people are self-motivated, responsible, creative and need to work. Theory Y has been adopted by more progressive management intellects that follow Elton Mayo's human relations approach.
\r\nAccording to Maslow, McGregor's Theory Y did not completely work because it ignored the need individuals had for Theory X. Maslow used his hierarchy of needs theory to explain human motivation. The five levels of needs according to Maslow are physiological needs, safety needs, needs of belonging, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Maslow believed that people cannot fulfill the higher needs of esteem and self actualization without fulfilling the basic physiological and safety needs of an individual first.
\r\nVictor Vroom developed the expectancy theory of motivation. It is based on outcomes. Vroom surmises that effort, performance and motivation must be linked. He proposes three variables, valence, expectancy and instrumentality. Expectancy is the thought process that increased effort will lead to better performance. Instrumentality is the belief that you will be rewarded for hard work, and valence is the significance an individual places on an outcome. Vroom's theory is based on perceptions of equity or fairness in the workplace.
\r\nFrederick Herzberg stated that hygiene factors such as quality of management, safety, status, relationships, company, working conditions and company policies are necessary to keep employees satisfied. Motivational factors like advancement, achievement, recognition, job interest and responsibility are needed in order to motivate employees to a higher performance level.
\n","docType":"article","guid":"articles_7c038448c8fc7cd9c4517219ca48d716","lastModified":"2010-06-03T01:45:00.000Z","published":"2010-06-03T01:45:00.000Z","structuredData":null,"subtitle":"Discover human relations management theories by exploring key terms","template":"v1","title":"Human Relations Management Theory Key Terms","type":"article","author":{"avatar":null,"bio":null,"name":"Sherry Grant","image":null,"slug":null,"social":{"facebook":null,"linkedin":null,"twitter":null,"website":null},"status":"disabled","title":null,"type":"Writer","user":null},"breadcrumbs":null,"channels":{"primary":{"name":"Human Resources","slug":"human-resources"},"sub":{"name":"Managing","slug":"managing"}},"meta":{"robots":"index, follow","description":null,"title":"Human Relations Management Theory Key Terms - business.com"},"parsedContent":{"toc":[{"id":"hawthorne-studies","title":"Hawthorne studies"},{"id":"human-relations-movement","title":"Human relations movement"},{"id":"theory-x-and-theory-y","title":"Theory X and Theory Y"},{"id":"hierarchy-of-needs","title":"Hierarchy of needs"},{"id":"expectancy-theory-of-motivation","title":"Expectancy theory of motivation"},{"id":"two-factor-hygiene-and-motivational-theory","title":"Two factor hygiene and motivational theory"}],"json":[{"component":"p","children":["Human relations management theories were created based on the Hawthorne studies conducted by Professor Elton Mayo."]},{"component":"p","children":["The Hawthorne Effect is the increased motivation and productivity found in employees when placed in a team or group setting. The human relations movement was propelled by the Hawthorne studies. Many theorists such as McGregor, Herzberg, Vroom and others have developed their own employee motivation beliefs and concepts. The varied hypothesis consist of behavioral models that state the most efficient, effective and inspiring means of inciting self motivation and high performance from employees."]},{"component":"QtWidget","props":{"bdcQtWidget":"","qtPubId":"1000","qtOfferGroupId":"6"}},{"component":"script","children":["window.bdcQtWidget.init();"]},{"component":"h2","props":{"id":"hawthorne-studies"},"children":["Hawthorne studies"]},{"component":"p","children":["The Hawthorne studies were conducted from 1927 until 1932 by Professor Elton Mayo at the Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Chicago. Professor Mayo examined work conditions and productivity. The conclusion of the research led to the discovery that relationships largely influenced productivity. Being part of a group or team affected the performance of each employee. The researchers dubbed the increased motivation and productivity The Hawthorne Effect."]},{"component":"h2","props":{"id":"human-relations-movement"},"children":["Human relations movement"]},{"component":"p","children":["The human relations movement originated from Dr. Elton Mayo's Hawthorne studies. The movement stated that personal development and growth as well as employee goal setting are essential to effective businesses. The movement also emphasized the fact that affirmative motivation derived from team goals and greater production resulted from encouragement and positive reinforcement from employers."]},{"component":"h2","props":{"id":"theory-x-and-theory-y"},"children":["Theory X and Theory Y"]},{"component":"p","children":["Theory X and Theory Y were proposed by Douglas McGregor in his 1960 book, The Human Side of Enterprise. The two theories are opposing methods by which supervisors perceive employee motivation. Theory X states that people dislike work and need the constant threat of job loss and financial incentives to work hard. These workers are irresponsible and need to be controlled. Theory Y states that people are self-motivated, responsible, creative and need to work. Theory Y has been adopted by more progressive management intellects that follow Elton Mayo's human relations approach."]},{"component":"h2","props":{"id":"hierarchy-of-needs"},"children":["Hierarchy of needs"]},{"component":"p","children":["According to Maslow, McGregor's Theory Y did not completely work because it ignored the need individuals had for Theory X. Maslow used his hierarchy of needs theory to explain human motivation. The five levels of needs according to Maslow are physiological needs, safety needs, needs of belonging, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Maslow believed that people cannot fulfill the higher needs of esteem and self actualization without fulfilling the basic physiological and safety needs of an individual first."]},{"component":"h2","props":{"id":"expectancy-theory-of-motivation"},"children":["Expectancy theory of motivation"]},{"component":"p","children":["Victor Vroom developed the expectancy theory of motivation. It is based on outcomes. Vroom surmises that effort, performance and motivation must be linked. He proposes three variables, valence, expectancy and instrumentality. Expectancy is the thought process that increased effort will lead to better performance. Instrumentality is the belief that you will be rewarded for hard work, and valence is the significance an individual places on an outcome. Vroom's theory is based on perceptions of equity or fairness in the workplace."]},{"component":"h2","props":{"id":"two-factor-hygiene-and-motivational-theory"},"children":["Two factor hygiene and motivational theory"]},{"component":"p","children":["Frederick Herzberg stated that hygiene factors such as quality of management, safety, status, relationships, company, working conditions and company policies are necessary to keep employees satisfied. Motivational factors like advancement, achievement, recognition, job interest and responsibility are needed in order to motivate employees to a higher performance level."]}]},"resource":null,"sponsorship":{"sponsorType":"no-sponsor","name":null,"thumbnail":null,"bio":null,"slug":null,"status":null,"social":{"website":null,"linkedin":null,"twitter":null,"facebook":null}},"thumbnail":{"path":"https://staging.business.com/images/content/5d1/675c37b437408578b4573/1500-0-","caption":"pressmaster/Shutterstock","isBlurred":false},"bestPicks":null},"related":{"relatedArticles":[{"title":"Human Relations Management Theory Key Terms","canonical":"https://www.business.com/articles/human-relations-management-theory-key-terms/","slug":"human-relations-management-theory-key-terms","thumbnail":"https://www.business.com/images/content/5d1/675c37b437408578b4573/1500-0-","dek":"Discover human relations management theories by exploring key terms","lastModified":"2010-06-03T01:45:00Z","published":"2010-06-03T01:45:00Z","sponsored":false},{"title":"Motivation Station: 3 Scientifically Proven Ways To Inspire Your Team","canonical":"https://www.business.com/articles/3-scientifically-proven-ways-to-inspire-your-team/","slug":"3-scientifically-proven-ways-to-inspire-your-team","thumbnail":"https://www.business.com/images/channel/human-resources.jpg","dek":"Current research suggests these strategies will help you inspire and motivate your employees, creating happier, effective and productive.","lastModified":"2016-05-24T15:00:00Z","published":"2016-05-24T15:00:00Z","sponsored":false},{"title":"Human Relations Management Theory Basics","canonical":"https://www.business.com/articles/human-relations-management-theory-basics/","slug":"human-relations-management-theory-basics","thumbnail":"https://www.business.com/images/content/5eb/1c6567b4374eb068b459a/1500-0-","dek":"The human relations theory of management began development in the early 1920s. Today, it is integral to every business, and understanding the involved skills and theories is key to employee success.","lastModified":"2020-05-06T15:33:00Z","published":"2011-09-27T15:06:00Z","sponsored":false},{"title":"Using Lean Strategies to Achieve Team Synergy and Efficiency","canonical":"https://www.business.com/articles/lean-strategies-team-efficiency/","slug":"lean-strategies-team-efficiency","thumbnail":"https://www.business.com/images/content/5be/480e49c658a51108b458c/1500-0-","dek":"Learn more about lean manufacturing strategies and how to implement them in your business.","lastModified":"2018-11-08T08:00:00Z","published":"2018-11-08T08:00:00Z","sponsored":false},{"title":"10 Ways to Track Employee Productivity in the Workplace","canonical":"https://www.business.com/articles/how-to-track-employee-productivity/","slug":"how-to-track-employee-productivity","thumbnail":"https://www.business.com/images/content/5eb/c3dc55a215e5f618b458a/1500-0-","dek":"In this article, we explore what “productivity” truly is (and what it means to you as an employer), how to measure employee productivity, and how to improve productivity once you have a baseline measurement for your team.","lastModified":"2020-05-14T15:20:00Z","published":"2020-05-13T21:34:00Z","sponsored":false},{"title":"How Can You Change the Diversity and Inclusion Status Quo at Your Company?","canonical":"https://www.business.com/articles/change-diversity-and-inclusion-status-quo/","slug":"change-diversity-and-inclusion-status-quo","thumbnail":"https://www.business.com/images/content/5e6/c1e209c658a7f358b4596/1500-0-","dek":"It can seem like a daunting task, but if you follow these four steps, you'll be well on your way to improving both the diversity and inclusivity of your company.","lastModified":"2020-03-13T23:59:00Z","published":"2020-03-13T23:59:00Z","sponsored":false},{"title":"Popular Management Theories Decoded","canonical":"https://www.business.com/articles/popular-management-theories-decoded/","slug":"popular-management-theories-decoded","thumbnail":"https://www.business.com/images/content/5c9/8e0129c658a9c098b458f/1500-0-","dek":"What do some of the original management theorists believe?","lastModified":"2019-08-17T18:00:00Z","published":"2019-08-17T18:00:00Z","sponsored":false},{"title":"What Is Employee Recognition, and How Can You Implement It and Do It Well?","canonical":"https://www.business.com/articles/employee-recognition-and-how-to-implement/","slug":"employee-recognition-and-how-to-implement","thumbnail":"https://www.business.com/images/content/5f2/1a80d7b4374d4438b4567/1500-0-","dek":"The companies on top are the ones that have the best employees and know the best ways to motivate and harness those employees to the companies' goals.","lastModified":"2020-08-03T14:20:00Z","published":"2020-08-03T14:20:00Z","sponsored":false},{"title":"How to Best Support First Time Remote Workers","canonical":"https://www.business.com/articles/help-remote-work-employees/","slug":"help-remote-work-employees","thumbnail":"https://www.business.com/images/content/5f1/e428a9c658ade5b8b4567/1500-0-","dek":"Properly supporting and managing your remote employees is critical to their success.","lastModified":"2020-07-27T12:00:00Z","published":"2020-07-27T12:00:00Z","sponsored":false},{"title":"Beyond the Clock: The Benefits of Highly Motivated Employees","canonical":"https://staging.business.com/articles/the-benefits-of-highly-motivated-employees/","slug":"the-benefits-of-highly-motivated-employees","thumbnail":"https://staging.business.com/images/content/578/3e79d3087b19006ca8779/1500-0-","dek":"High levels of employee motivation are intrinsically linked to high levels of employee engagement. Here are a list of benefits.","lastModified":"2017-02-22T23:56:30Z","published":"2016-07-13T16:00:00Z","sponsored":null},{"title":"Motivation Station: 3 Scientifically Proven Ways To Inspire Your Team","canonical":"https://staging.business.com/articles/3-scientifically-proven-ways-to-inspire-your-team/","slug":"3-scientifically-proven-ways-to-inspire-your-team","thumbnail":"https://staging.business.com/images/content/574/458903287b1af546703bf/1500-0-","dek":"Current research suggests these strategies will help you inspire and motivate your employees, creating happier, effective and productive.","lastModified":"2019-07-31T20:55:10Z","published":"2016-05-24T15:00:00Z","sponsored":null},{"title":"How to Craft an Effective Remote Work Policy","canonical":"https://www.business.com/articles/adopting-remote-work-policies/","slug":"adopting-remote-work-policies","thumbnail":"https://www.business.com/images/content/5e9/3759d9c658a1c0b8b4569/1500-0-","dek":"As telecommuting becomes increasingly popular, having a well-thought-out remote work policy is critical.","lastModified":"2020-04-12T23:00:00Z","published":"2020-04-12T23:00:00Z","sponsored":false}],"relatedReviews":[{"doc_type":"category","thumbnail":"https://staging.business.com/images/rz/5e00ccda9c658a423d8b4569/HR_People_fizkes_Getty.jpg","canonical":"https://staging.business.com/categories/best-peo-services/","title":"The Best PEO Service Providers of 2021","dek":"Professional employer organization services can simplify your human resource responsibilities. Learn about the best PEOs available for your small business.","slug":"best-peo-services","lastModified":"2021-03-23T19:45:00Z"},{"doc_type":"category","thumbnail":"https://staging.business.com/images/rz/5d85356c7b43745d448b458d/hroutsourcing_fizkes.jpg","canonical":"https://staging.business.com/categories/best-hr-outsourcing-services/","title":"The Best HR Outsourcing Services of 2021","dek":"Human resource outsourcing services can simplify your human resource responsibilities. Learn about the best HROs available for your small business.","slug":"best-hr-outsourcing-services","lastModified":"2021-03-11T17:15:00Z"},{"doc_type":"category","thumbnail":"https://staging.business.com/images/rz/5e14b61c9c658a7e408b4573/schedule_AndreyPopov_getty.jpg","canonical":"https://staging.business.com/categories/employee-scheduling-software/","title":"The Best Employee Scheduling Software of 2021","dek":"Looking for the best employee scheduling software? We've reviewed the best and cheapest programs.","slug":"employee-scheduling-software","lastModified":"2021-03-05T15:55:00Z"}],"relatedSponsoredArticles":null}},"pageContext":{"displayModified":"2010-06-03T01:45:00.000Z","template":"v1","title":"Human Relations Management Theory Key Terms","meta":{"robots":"index, follow"},"docType":"articles","slug":"human-relations-management-theory-key-terms","canonical":"https://staging.business.com/articles/human-relations-management-theory-key-terms/","skipTOC":false}},"staticQueryHashes":[]}